Rural Healthcare and AI: Transformative Potential or Technological Optimism Under Financial Strain?

Abstract

This study interrogates the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) as a potential equaliser in rural India’s deeply entrenched healthcare inequalities—contexts where limited medical infrastructure, delayed diagnoses and inadequate preventive care have long constrained public health outcomes. At its centre lies a fundamental question: can AI meaningfully bridge gaps that traditional healthcare systems have struggled to close? To explore this, the research examines not only the technical promise of AI-enabled tools but also the human realities that shape their acceptance—awareness, trust, financial capacity and lived experience.

Employing a mixed-methods design, the study draws on survey responses from 20 healthcare professionals and 500 rural residents, complemented by public social media data. Machine-learning models—linear regression, logistic regression and Random Forest—were deployed to identify predictors of AI adoption, while Natural Language Processing (NLP) sentiment analysis and chi-square tests illuminated patterns in public attitudes and behavioural intent.

The findings reveal a nuanced landscape: 41.7% of respondents expressed positive sentiment, 47.9% remained neutral and 10.4% voiced concerns. Neutrality was driven largely by limited exposure to AI, whereas negative perceptions reflected anxieties around data privacy, infrastructural fragility and affordability. Strikingly, younger and more educated individuals demonstrated greater familiarity with AI, while lower-income households, despite restricted access, showed a pragmatic willingness to rely on low-cost AI-driven services. Trust emerged as a powerful predictor of advocacy for AI use (χ² = 64.79, p < 0.001), underscoring the psychological and social dimensions of technological adoption.

Collectively, the study highlights an urgent need for targeted AI literacy initiatives, stronger digital and financial infrastructure and equitable governance frameworks. As India stands on the cusp of an AI-assisted healthcare transformation, the question is no longer whether AI can support rural health systems, but how thoughtfully, responsibly and inclusively such technologies can be integrated to genuinely improve lives.