The Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research
The Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research (JTAR) ISSN(Print): 1556-5106, ISSN(Online): 3069-1028, is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the advancement of accounting theory. Since its establishment in 2005, JTAR has served as a scholarly platform for rigorous and innovative research that deepens the understanding of accounting concepts, frameworks, and their implications across economic, regulatory, and organizational environments. JTAR emphasizes high-quality theoretical contributions that challenge conventional perspectives and stimulate critical discourse. The journal covers a wide range of topics including financial and managerial accounting, auditing, accounting ethics, corporate governance, sustainability accounting, and interdisciplinary approaches that intersect with economics, sociology, law, and information systems. Published biannually, JTAR maintains a strict double-blind peer review process to ensure the integrity, relevance, and academic quality of all published work. As an open-access journal, all articles are freely and permanently accessible to a global readership, promoting inclusive and unrestricted knowledge sharing. With a diverse international editorial board and a strong commitment to ethical publishing standards, JTAR is a vital resource for researchers, educators, practitioners, and policymakers who seek to engage with the theoretical foundations and evolving directions of accounting thought.
Assessing The Impact Of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Adoption On Financial Statement Comparability And Market Efficiency
This study constructs a conceptual framework to describe the effect of International Financial Reporting Standards adoption on reporting quality and market conduct using the financial statement comparability mechanism. The model suggests that adoption of the standards increases comparability as it fosters similar recognition, measurement and disclosure of the entities and jurisdictions. Enhanced comparability minimizes information asymmetry among the financial statement users, which enhances more appropriate valuation, effective price discovery, and eventually higher market efficiency. The paper goes further to indicate that the extent to which these benefits are realised is determined by the institutional settings, such as enforcement of the regulations, quality of audits, cultural and investor sophistication. The research will fill the gaps in the literature, which frequently offers disjointed results on the impact of standard adoption by incorporating the knowledge of accounting, finance, and institutional theory. The model is conceptual in nature and as such enables us to have a holistic view of the reporting reforms in terms of the economic outcomes. The paper wraps up by establishing the prospects of future empirical research that can confirm the suggested links and apply the framework to the new reporting areas, such as digital reporting and sustainability disclosures.
International Financial Reporting Standards, comparability, information asymmetry, market efficiency, institutional environment
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sachin Lad, Dr. Sreelakshmi P, Dr. L. Geetarani Devi, Radhika Sandhad, Dr. Manisha, Dr. CA Jayesh Manjrekar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Understanding Accountant Decision Behavior Through Theoretical Lenses: An Analytical Study of Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Models
The present study will create a theoretical model that is used to justify accountant decision behavior in terms of cognitive, affective, and behavioral (CAB) dimensions. It is a response to the necessity of a single model that would relate the reasoning, emotion, and ethical behavior to the professional decision-making in the sphere of accounting. The theoretical and analytical research design was applied, which is the systematic literature review and thematic content analysis of 50 peer-reviewed articles published in the years 2018-2025. The CAB framework was used to arrange the data in order to determine the repetitive patterns in the cognitive reasoning, affective influence, and behavioral outcomes. These dimensions were synthesised to form a composite model of accountant decision behaviour through the analysis. Findings revealed that cognitive reasoning had the biggest influence (40%), with the next highest influence was the affective and behavioral factors (30% each). Emotional control, analytical reasoning and professional scepticism were reported to be the best predictors of ethical and professional consistency. The result of thought and emotion was reflected in the behavioral compliance, and the clarity of ethics was stimulated by emotional stability. The research study has established the relevance of combining analytical reasoning and emotional intelligence in accounting education, professional ethics, and during audit training. The CAB model provides suggestions on how to create programs that enhance moral stamina and quality of choice in accountants. The CAB model confirms that cognition triggers decision-making, affect moderates ethical reasoning and behavior is the final act of professional action. It is a holistic approach to theory of how accountants think, feel and behave, which further develops behavioral accounting theory.
Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Model, Accountant Decision Behavior, Ethical Judgment, Behavioral Accounting, Professional Skepticism
Copyright (c) 2026 Sushant Rajput, Manisha Patil, Hetal Chandulal Rathod, Dr Priyanka Bhatt, Prof. Amol Ankush, Dr. Neelam Sheoliha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role Of Cultural Identity In Accounting Information Interpretation: An Indian Perspective Across Borders
Using the Indian expatriate community in the United Arab Emirates as the primary focal point, this paper examines how cultural identity influences the interpretation and trust in accounting and financial reporting information across borders. The study integrates behavioral accounting and cultural psychology perspectives, arguing that deeply embedded cultural values, societal norms, and collective memory shape how individuals process financial disclosures, assess reporting credibility, and rely on audit assurances. While globalization homogenizes financial practices, core cultural scripts continue to mold the interpretation of accounting information, underscoring the need for culturally sensitive financial reporting frameworks. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys with structured interviews. Data were collected from 63 Indian participants (residents and expatriates) to ensure demographic diversity. Advanced statistical techniques, including ANOVA and multiple regression, were used to analyze differences in accounting information interpretation. Findings reveal that cultural identity significantly affects trust in financial disclosures and reliance on institutional assurance mechanisms. Indian expatriates in the UAE demonstrate distinct interpretive patterns compared to their counterparts in India, influenced by cultural adaptation and financial socialization. These insights offer important implications for accounting standard-setters, auditors, and corporate disclosure strategists, highlighting the need for culturally tailored communication and assurance frameworks. Limitations include the cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported data. Future research should adopt longitudinal approaches to track interpretive shifts over time.
Cultural Identity, Accounting Information Interpretation, Behavioral Accounting, Disclosure Usefulness, Assurance Credibility, Indian Expatriates, Mixed-Methods, Financial Reporting Trust
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Haritha Girish, Dr. Jaya Jacob M, Ms. Fabeena Fasal, Dr. Rafeeka Mol C A, Dr. Minnie Mary Ninan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cognitive and Behavioral Responses to ESG Accounting Disclosures: A Gender-Based Study
This study looks into investors’ cognitive processing and behavioral appraisal of accounting disclosures by ESG and sustainability accounting, as well as gender differences in these assessments. Our study looks at ESG as non-financial accounting information from a decision usefulness, transparency, and disclosure credibility perspective. We analyses how investors assess the credibility of ESG information reported by companies, apart from the application of accounting judgement in valuing investment alternatives. The study uses data from 450 individual investors in Asia-Pacific. Within the framework of this study, a conceptual framework is tested using covariance based structural equation modelling (SEM). The cognitive factors being the financial literacy, risk perceive and objective ESG knowledge, while the behavioral factors include social norm, ethical judgement, and trustee signaling in ESG disclosures affect the usefulness of ESG accounting information and evaluative decision. The paper specifies attitude towards ESG information and perceived return as mediators. Besides, the researchers apply multi-group SEM to test measurement invariance. They further test accounting judgement differences across gender. The model’s output evidence that it had good psychometric properties (χ2/df= 2.18, CFI= 0.95, RMSEA= 0.05, SRMR= 0.04), have good reliability and valid construct (CR ≥ 0.80, AVE≥ 0.50), and have discriminant validity. The structural outcomes point out that both cognitive evaluations (β = 0.32, p < 0.001) and behavioral evaluations (β = 0.45, p < 0.001) are considered significant building blocks to develop ESG disclosure credibility and decision usefulness. Furthermore, attitude toward ESG information partially mediates the relationship between cognitive evaluations and behavioral evaluations and ESG disclosure credibility and decision usefulness. Perceived return plays the weakest mediation role. The analysis of multiple groups shows that behaviour is. This research contributes to sustainability accounting theory and shows how, by understanding ESG as not only an investment attribute but also as sustainability accounting disclosure, disclosure credibility, cognitive interpretation, and ethical judgement jointly determine the decision usefulness of ESG. Results obtained from this study have major implications for ESG reporting frameworks, standard setters and assurance providers requiring enhanced transparency, standardization and credibility in sustainability reporting for investor-oriented accounting outcomes.
ESG investment; cognitive drivers; behavioral drivers; gender differences; structural equation modelling; attitude; perceived return
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Karimunnissa Begum Shaik, Dr. Y. Srinivasa Rao (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization Techniques In Financial Portfolio Management: A Mathematical Perspective
Traditional portfolio optimization models, such as the mean–variance framework, often fall short in addressing uncertainty, parameter estimation errors, and nonlinear investor objectives. This study provides a unified mathematical framework incorporating convex, stochastic, robust, and multi-objective optimization methods to model financial portfolios with greater theoretical rigor. The paper derives analytical conditions for the existence, uniqueness, and sensitivity of optimal solutions across formulations. A simplified symbolic example with three assets demonstrates the practical implications: increasing the risk aversion coefficient from 1 to 10 resulted in a 40% reduction in portfolio volatility, accompanied by a 15% decrease in expected return. This shift reflects a predictable yet mathematically tractable trade-off between risk minimization and return sacrifice, as governed by parameter tuning within each optimization model. The study underscores the value of mathematical generalization for improving the realism and robustness of portfolio models without relying on empirical backtesting. The comparison of model behaviors provides deep insight into the structural flexibility needed for informed financial decision-making under uncertainty. Theoretical contributions include formal derivations, comparative complexity analysis, and guidance for future integration with intelligent adaptive systems and algorithmic frameworks.
portfolio optimization, convex optimization, stochastic modeling, robust optimization, mathematical finance, risk minimization
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Deepa Damodaran, Dr. Vivek Sharma, Dr Virendra Vasant Tatake, Dr. Rahul Pal, Dr Sunil Kumar Srivastava (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainability, Financial Performance And Creditworthiness In Small Enterprises: A Bibliometric Review With Insights For Kvic Entrepreneurship.
The Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) plays a crucial role in strengthening rural industrial development in India. In this context, sustainability, financial performance, and creditworthiness have emerged as key determinants of the long-term viability of small and micro-enterprises, especially in developing economies. This study examines how sustainability practices influence enterprise survival and how financial decisions shape performance and creditworthiness within MSMEs and KVIC-supported units. A systematic review was conducted using publications from 2015 to 2025, retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases. The SPAR-4-SLR protocol, PRISMA screening procedure, and VOSviewer-based bibliometric techniques were employed to identify intellectual structures, citation patterns, and thematic clusters. A total of 762 peer-reviewed articles were analysed, revealing six major themes: sustainable entrepreneurship, financial performance drivers, credit access and risk assessment, MSME resilience and growth, digital and institutional transformation, and enterprise sustainability frameworks. These themes highlight the multidimensional nature of enterprise sustainability and financial credibility within KVIC and MSME ecosystems. The study further proposes thematic directions for future research and offers insights relevant to scholars, policymakers, financial institutions, and practitioners working to enhance the sustainability and financial strength of small enterprises.
Entrepreneurial Sustainability, Financial Performance, Creditworthiness, MSME Development, Bibliometric Analysis, VOSviewer.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajeshwari MC, C.A. Dr. Pramod Kumar Pandey (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Accounting Graduate Employability Transitions under NEP 2020: A Theory-Driven Optimisation Model
This study examines the impact of India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 on the employability transitions of accounting graduates, with a specific focus on how educational reforms shape their readiness for the profession. Through a quantitative research design, the study gathered data from 400 higher education students and recent graduates in the National Capital Region (NCR), Delhi. It identifies key educational elements-multidisciplinary learning, vocational exposure, and industry alignment-that influence employability outcomes for accounting graduates. The findings highlight the central role of multidisciplinary education in developing core accounting skills such as professional judgment, analytical thinking, and adaptability to evolving industry demands. While vocational training and industry-oriented learning contribute to employability, their impact is secondary to the effect of multidisciplinary learning. This research advances accounting education theory by proposing a framework that integrates these key educational factors into accounting curricula. It emphasizes the theoretical implications of NEP 2020 reforms and their potential to enhance employability outcomes. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers and educational institutions aiming to optimize curriculum design and improve accounting graduate preparedness, aligning education with professional and industry needs.
: Accounting education theory; Accounting competencies; Professional employability; Curriculum development; NEP 2020; Multidisciplinary accounting education
Copyright (c) 2026 Rachna Vats, Muskaan Arora, Dr. Anjani Srivastava, Dr. Arvind Dalal, Dr Rina, Riya Kathuria (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Connecting Spheres: Insights from Industry on Youth Entrepreneurship and Governance
Youth entrepreneurship has become a defining element of India’s evolving start-up ecosystem, influencing patterns of innovation, governance, and organisational legitimacy across industries. This study examines industry perceptions of youth entrepreneurship with particular emphasis on start-up governance, mentorship, and the institutional role of universities in enabling sustainable entrepreneurial growth. Anchored in an institutional perspective, the study adopts an exploratory descriptive research design and draws on primary data collected from 200 industry stakeholders, including founders, senior executives, investors, and incubator managers across manufacturing, finance, technology, education, and allied sectors. The findings reveal a cautiously optimistic assessment of the current ecosystem. While 45 per cent of respondents rate India’s youth start-up environment as good and 19 per cent as excellent, 28 per cent perceive it as average, indicating both progress and persistent institutional gaps. Youth motivation for entrepreneurship is largely internally driven, with financial independence cited by 34 per cent of respondents, followed by innovation orientation at 31 per cent and social impact aspirations at 22 per cent. Despite strong motivation, structural constraints remain prominent. Lack of mentorship emerged as the most critical challenge, reported by 32 per cent of respondents, followed by funding constraints at 22 per cent and regulatory complexity at 21 per cent. Governance is widely viewed as a determinant of sustainability rather than a compliance burden. More than half of respondents, accounting for 51 per cent, identify governance as an enabler of venture scaling, while 30 per cent emphasise its increasing importance as start-ups mature. Conversely, governance weaknesses contribute to 22 per cent of venture failures. Universities are recognised as pivotal institutional actors, with 71 per cent of respondents rating their role in nurturing youth entrepreneurship as significant or very significant. The study highlights that sustainable youth entrepreneurship depends on institutional support structures that embed governance awareness, mentorship, and legitimacy alongside innovation and ambition.
Youth Entrepreneurship, Industry Perspectives, Startup Governance, Financial Integrity, Ethical Leadership, Stakeholder Accountability
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Vaishali Sharma, Dr. Jolly Masih, Dr. Richa Mishra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“Mobile Banking Adoption and Financial Inclusion at the Bottom of the Pyramid: A Theoretical Framework integrating Accounting Accountability, Regulatory, Ethical, and Behavioral Perspectives”
Mobile banking has become an essential tool to enhance access to financial services, particularly for those who lack traditional banking options. The data was collected from 108 street vendors from selected regions of Northern India, using a snow ball sampling method. This study creates a framework that combines user behavior, regulatory factors, and ethical considerations to understand how mobile banking encourages responsible financial practices. The research expands on existing models to highlight mobile banking's role in fostering ethical and transparent financial actions, beyond just being a tech innovation. The current study strengthens the understanding of how inclusion supported by digital technology can strengthen the ethics, accountability and integrity in financial reporting and governance systems through integration of digital adoption with accounting theory. The model prioritizes theoretical framework integration over empirical applicability, providing a framework for upcoming research on the behavioral and ethical foundations of accounting in the domain of digital finance.
Mobile banking, bottom of pyramid, adoption, self-efficacy, financial inclusion, integrated framework, accounting and accountability, governance and ethics
Copyright (c) 2026 Vandana Chotani, Rakesh Kumar Sharma, Tarunpreet Bhatia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Global Trade Policies And Their Effects On Emerging Market Economies: A Financial Perspective
The globalization of trade has significantly reshaped the economic trajectories of emerging market economies (EMEs), offering new avenues for growth while simultaneously exposing financial vulnerabilities. The study explores the financial consequences of global trade policies on EMEs through a comprehensive assessment of trade openness, foreign direct investment (FDI), and financial development indicators. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study analyzed cross-country data from 2000 to 2024 for five strategically selected EMEs: India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Nigeria, and South Africa. Quantitative analysis included correlation matrices and regression models, while qualitative insights were derived from institutional and policy documents, enabling a multi-dimensional interpretation of trade-finance linkages. The results revealed a robust positive correlation between trade openness and both FDI inflows and private credit growth, suggesting that EMEs with higher degrees of global integration tend to exhibit stronger financial systems. Vietnam emerged as a leading case, with high global value chain (GVC) participation and sustained financial development, while Nigeria’s performance underscored the role of weak institutions in constraining the benefits of trade. The study concludes that trade liberalization must be complemented by domestic financial reforms and institutional strengthening to translate global integration into inclusive financial progress. Policymakers are advised to foster synchronized strategies that integrate trade policy with financial sector development, emphasizing GVC participation, digital innovation, and sustainability. Future research should consider firm-level and subnational analyses to better understand the microeconomic dynamics of trade and finance.
Global trade policy, Emerging market economies, Financial development, Foreign direct investment, Global value chains.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Manoj P. K, Dr. Vikram, Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh, Dr. Thirumagal Pillai, S. Mathew Divakar, Tariq Siddiqi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Behavioral Accounting Framework for Retail Investor Interpretation of Financial Disclosures: Evidence from Mutual Fund Allocation Patterns
Understanding how retail investors interpret accounting disclosures is central to advancing accounting theory, particularly in contexts characterized by heightened market uncertainty. The study develops a behavioral accounting framework that explains how financial performance and risk disclosures shape retail investors’ cognitive processing, risk framing, and subsequent investment allocation decisions. Drawing on behavioral theories such as loss aversion, recency bias, and herding, the framework proposes a set of theoretical propositions linking disclosure attributes to observable shifts in asset allocation across risk categories. Market-level mutual fund allocation patterns are used illustratively to examine the behavioral consistency of the proposed framework across different market conditions. The study contributes to theoretical accounting research by integrating behavioral insights into disclosure interpretation, offering implications for accounting standard setters, regulators, and practitioners concerned with improving the design and communication of financial information.
Behavioural Accounting, Financial Disclosure, Investor Cognition, Risk Framing, Accounting Theory
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Manisha Pallavi Chauhan, Prof. S. S. Prasada Rao, Shailesh Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Interlinkages Between Financial Control Systems and Corporate Accountability: A Theoretical Framework and Empirical Insights
The present study investigates the interlinkages between financial control systems (FCS) and corporate accountability (CA) through an integrated theoretical–empirical framework. Drawing on agency, stewardship, and institutional theories, the research conceptualizes accountability as a multidimensional construct encompassing transparency, ethical compliance, and stakeholder disclosure. Using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), the study evaluates the strength and direction of relationships among core FCS dimensions budgetary discipline, audit quality, and risk control systems and accountability outcomes. Results indicate that audit quality exerts the strongest influence on CA, followed by budgetary discipline and risk control systems, collectively explaining a substantial proportion of variance in accountability performance. These findings underscore that internal control structures serve not only as regulatory tools but also as ethical governance mechanisms that reinforce stakeholder confidence and organizational legitimacy. The study provides empirical validation for the proposition that accountability is both a financial and moral outcome of effective control systems. The implications highlight the necessity for firms to align their internal controls with ethical and sustainability objectives to strengthen long-term governance credibility. Future research is encouraged to extend this model across industries and institutional contexts to explore cross-national variations and the integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations within accountability frameworks.
Financial Control Systems, Corporate Accountability, Audit Quality, Governance Ethics, Institutional Theory
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Urvashi Anand Ohri, Dr. Sunil Saxena, Ms. Tanya jolly, Mr. Shubham Gaur, Dr. Haritika Arora, Raj Kumar Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Examination of Personality Characteristics and Perceptions of Professionals from an Accountant’s Perspective
Accountants are often stereotyped as rigid, detail-oriented “bean counters” while marketers and salespersons are viewed as more dynamic. These stereotypes have possible implications for cross-functional team success, especially when viewed through the lens of organizational conflict theory. This study explores whether accountants differ from marketers and salespersons in terms of personality, as well as how each group perceives accountants’ attributes that are deemed critical to team success. We find no significant personality differences between accountants and their marketing and salespersons counterparts. However, perceptions of the accountant differ. The accountant views the workplace attributes of accountants more favorably than marketers and salespersons. Additionally, demographic factors such as experience appear to influence perceptions, with more seasoned professionals expressing fewer positive views of accountants. These findings provide insights for leaders managing cross-functional teams, highlighting that although personality may not drive conflict, perception gaps remain a roadblock for team success.
Copyright (c) 2026 William Lyle, Myles Swann (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rural Healthcare and AI: Transformative Potential or Technological Optimism Under Financial Strain?
This study interrogates the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) as a potential equaliser in rural India’s deeply entrenched healthcare inequalities—contexts where limited medical infrastructure, delayed diagnoses and inadequate preventive care have long constrained public health outcomes. At its centre lies a fundamental question: can AI meaningfully bridge gaps that traditional healthcare systems have struggled to close? To explore this, the research examines not only the technical promise of AI-enabled tools but also the human realities that shape their acceptance—awareness, trust, financial capacity and lived experience. Employing a mixed-methods design, the study draws on survey responses from 20 healthcare professionals and 500 rural residents, complemented by public social media data. Machine-learning models—linear regression, logistic regression and Random Forest—were deployed to identify predictors of AI adoption, while Natural Language Processing (NLP) sentiment analysis and chi-square tests illuminated patterns in public attitudes and behavioural intent. The findings reveal a nuanced landscape: 41.7% of respondents expressed positive sentiment, 47.9% remained neutral and 10.4% voiced concerns. Neutrality was driven largely by limited exposure to AI, whereas negative perceptions reflected anxieties around data privacy, infrastructural fragility and affordability. Strikingly, younger and more educated individuals demonstrated greater familiarity with AI, while lower-income households, despite restricted access, showed a pragmatic willingness to rely on low-cost AI-driven services. Trust emerged as a powerful predictor of advocacy for AI use (χ² = 64.79, p < 0.001), underscoring the psychological and social dimensions of technological adoption. Collectively, the study highlights an urgent need for targeted AI literacy initiatives, stronger digital and financial infrastructure and equitable governance frameworks. As India stands on the cusp of an AI-assisted healthcare transformation, the question is no longer whether AI can support rural health systems, but how thoughtfully, responsibly and inclusively such technologies can be integrated to genuinely improve lives.
Artificial intelligence, Rural healthcare, Machine learning models, Trust and adoption, Financial barriers
Copyright (c) 2026 Jolly Masih, Suresh Chandra Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Talent Retention and Organizational Sustainability: A Theoretical Study on HRM Practices and Financial Performance in Emerging Economies
This theoretical study explores the interrelationship between talent retention, organizational sustainability, and financial performance through the lens of human resource management in the context of emerging economies. Amidst growing attention toward sustainable development and responsible corporate practices, the role of human resource strategies in supporting both employee-centric and organizational outcomes has become increasingly vital. Drawing from multiple theoretical traditions, including resource-based, human capital, sustainable management, and institutional perspectives, this study presents a comprehensive conceptual model. The model positions talent retention as a mediating force that links human resource practices to long-term sustainability and financial performance, while emphasizing the moderating role of institutional context within less developed markets. The study makes key theoretical contributions by integrating micro-level retention strategies with macro-level performance outcomes and by highlighting the importance of contextual sensitivity in human resource research. The implications are twofold: practitioners are encouraged to design strategic human resource frameworks that align with ethical and economic goals, while policymakers are urged to strengthen institutional infrastructures to foster more sustainable workforce systems. While the study remains conceptual, it offers a strong foundation for future empirical exploration. The framework also sets the stage for more inclusive and globally relevant human resource research that bridges the gap between theory and real-world application in underrepresented economic environments.
Talent Retention, Organizational Sustainability, Human Resource Management, Financial Performance, Emerging Economies
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Abdul Nayeem, Dr. Ruchika Goel, Dr. Neetu Singhwal, Dr. J Rajesh, Dr. Ashwin M Sathe, Dr. Miral Jani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Does Ownership Structure Influence Firm Performance? A Panel Evidence From India
The study examines the relationship between corporate ownership structure and firm performance through the lens of accounting theory, positioning ownership as a mechanism of accounting control, stewardship, and information alignment. Ownership structure, defined by the distribution of equity among shareholders, has long been recognized as shaping organizational behaviour and outcomes. Drawing on agency theory, stewardship theory, and accounting control theory, the study explores how alternative ownership configurations including concentrated, dispersed, institutional, and family ownership shape the interpretation and effectiveness of accounting-based and market-based performance measures, rather than merely influencing governance outcomes. It reconceptualises ownership as an accounting-relevant mechanism influencing performance measurement, monitoring, and reporting credibility. By examining how ownership structures influence decision-making processes and resource allocation, the study advances conceptual understanding of how accounting information functions under different ownership regimes. The study extends agency theory and accounting control theory by reconceptualizing ownership structure as an integral component of accounting control and reporting systems, while challenging the implicit assumption in stewardship-based and performance measurement research that accounting outcomes are ownership-neutral. It demonstrates that ownership patterns influence the meaning, reliability, and interpretation of reported outcomes. The implications extend to accounting researchers and standard setters by clarifying how ownership structures shape stewardship, accountability, and the evaluative role of accounting in organizational sustainability.
Ownership Structure, Firm Performance, Concentrated Ownership, Corporate Governance, Shareholder Distribution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajesh, Dr Sanjeet Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic Human Resource Management and Its Influence on Managerial Accounting Practices: A Theoretical Examination
This study works out an elaborate theoretical clarification of how Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) defines managerial accounting practices through its effect on the behavioral, structural, and informational environment within which accounting systems are executed. Having combined the insights of organizational behavior, human capital theories, and managerial accounting frameworks, the study suggests a broader conceptual model that explains how SHRM-led competencies, incentive systems, communication patterns, and cultural rules influence the budgeting discipline, process of managing costs, performance measurement mechanisms, and managerial judgment. By so doing, the analysis not only places SHRM in a supportive organizational role, but also an upstream, structural antecedent directly contributing to the design, functioning and theoretical development of managerial accounting systems. It goes further to argue that managerial accounting processes that are traditionally viewed as technical, neutral or systems determined in their structure, are in fact social systems, which are highly dependent on human resource arrangements in order to achieve accuracy, relevance, and strategic alignment. This theoretical synthesis contributes to a more comprehensive view of internal accounting processes by prefiguring the impact of SHRM on the decision-making behavior, reporting integrity and organizational control. It also provides a better conceptual base for refining modern behavioral and managerial accounting models by providing new avenues of theory development and informing future empirical research of the intersection of interdisciplinary accounting scholarship through SHRM-driven antecedent presence.
Strategic Human Resource Management, Managerial Accounting, Behavioral Accounting, Performance Measurement, Organizational Control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Gurvinder Kaur, Shaik Rajah Asif, Dr J Rajesh, Dr Madhura Mane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leadership Styles and Strategic Decision-Making: An Analytical Study of Transformational Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness
This research constructs a coherent theoretical framework relating to the impact of transformational leadership on the quality of strategic decision-making and, consequently, the performance of the organization, as well as further implications on accounting guidance and financial regulation. The research is a synthesis of findings based on the insights of the leading psychology, decision science, and accounting theory, using a non-empirical analytical design methodology based on theoretical evaluation and deductive reasoning. The model determines three pathways that relate to one another, namely cognitive, motivational, and structural, in which transformational leadership strengthens analytical reasoning, ethical judgment, participatory decision behavior, and compatibility between decisions and organizational goals. One of the important contributions of this study is that the quality of decision-making has been revealed as the main mediation variable between the leadership behavior and organizational as well as accounting outcomes. The framework uses accounting-specific views to describe how transformational leadership can affect key processes in the audit judgment, financial reporting decision, risk assessment, and internal control evaluation. This addition fills a significant gap in the theoretical knowledge by identifying leadership as a predictor of the level of accounting judgment and governance. Though the framework is conceptual in nature, it offers a basis on which empirical studies of leadership effects in accounting cases can be conducted in the future and has practical implications for the improvement of financial reporting reliability and organizational accountability by building leadership.
Transformational Leadership; Strategic Decision-Making; Leadership Theory; Cognitive Pathways; Motivational Pathways; Decision Quality; Organizational Strategy; Leadership Influence
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Mayank Mathur, Dr. Prathyaksh Janardhanan, Dr. Dimple Grover, Dr. Priyadarshini V. Ramteke, Prof Sumaiya Fathima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Theoretical Accounting Framework For Dynamic Public Expenditure Optimization: A Differential-Equation Model Integrating Human Development Performance Indicators
This manuscript develops a theoretical accounting framework that models public-sector expenditure as dynamic control variables that influence multidimensional performance indicators via a system of differential equations. The model establishes a reproducible mathematical structure for optimizing government resource allocation while integrating inequality-adjusted performance measurement into public-sector accounting.
Copyright (c) 2026 T Dakshinamurthy, Dr. T. Venkatesan, S Chinnamanthur, Nandha Kumar S, Usha G,, T. Suganya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human Resource Digital Transformation as an Intangible Accounting Asset: A Theoretical Study of GIC Re India
The accelerating digital transformation of human resource (HR) functions has reshaped how organizations generate, manage, and communicate human capital value. In knowledge-intensive and risk-oriented institutions such as reinsurance organizations, HR digitalization extends well beyond administrative efficiency and emerges as a strategic mechanism for sustained value creation. This paper conceptualizes Human Resource Digital Transformation (HRDT) as an intangible accounting asset, using the General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC Re) as a theoretical case context. Grounded in human capital theory, the resource-based view, and intangible asset accounting frameworks, the study develops a conceptual model explaining how digital HR systems—including HR analytics, artificial intelligence–enabled talent management, digital learning platforms, and integrated HR information systems—enhance human capital value, organizational capability, and the decision usefulness of accounting information. The paper critically evaluates the limitations of conventional accounting standards in recognizing digitally enabled human capital and proposes a theoretical framework for capturing HRDT-driven value in terms of efficiency gains, knowledge capitalization, governance transparency, and strategic alignment. By positioning HR digital transformation as a measurable intangible asset, the study advances theoretical accounting literature and provides a foundation for future empirical research on human capital valuation in the digital era.
Human Resource Digital Transformation; Intangible Accounting Assets; Human Capital Accounting; HR Analytics; Digital Governance; GIC Re India; Theoretical Accounting Framework
Copyright (c) 2026 Shakirullah Shaik, Jireh H.I. Seow, Christopher Abraham (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of Relationship Between International Performance and ESG Rating of Pharmaceutical Companies in India
This study examines how international performance shapes sustainability accounting outcomes in Indian pharmaceutical companies by conceptualizing ESG ratings as proxies for firms’ sustainability accounting practices. Drawing on stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and institutional theory, the study explains how international exposure alters disclosure pressures and legitimacy demands, thereby influencing ESG accounting dimensions differently. Using CRISIL ESG ratings for 45 Indian pharmaceutical companies for March 2025, the study empirically tests theory-driven propositions linking export intensity, international market reach, and geographic dispersion of operations to ESG, environmental, social, and governance accounting outcomes. The findings indicate that international performance is significantly associated with overall ESG ratings and environmental accounting outcomes, while social and governance dimensions remain largely unaffected. These results suggest that environmental accounting practices are more responsive to transnational legitimacy pressures, whereas social and governance accounting practices remain institutionally embedded within the domestic regulatory context. By positioning ESG ratings as secondary sustainability accounting information systems, this study advances sustainability accounting theory by explaining how internationalization reshapes disclosure in emerging-market firms beyond financial performance considerations.
ESG rating, sustainability accounting, international performance, pharmaceutical industry, emerging markets
Copyright (c) 2026 Ms. Poorti Gangal, Dr. Ashish M. Puranik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Toward A Theory Of Accounting Citizenship: Personality And Social Support Mechanisms
Contemporary accounting theory increasingly recognizes that effective governance, accountability, and ethical reporting rely not only on formal standards and controls but also on discretionary, citizenship-oriented behaviors that support stewardship and cooperative governance. Building on this perspective, the present study theorizes accounting citizenship as a distinct form of discretionary, extra-role behavior that underpins accounting governance and accountability, particularly at the pre-professional stage of accounting formation. Drawing on personality theory and social exchange perspectives, the study develops a conceptual framework explaining how Big Five personality traits shape accounting citizenship and how social support mechanisms parental autonomy support, authority support, and team-member exchange condition the expression of these traits. Pre-professional students are treated as formation-stage accounting actors, allowing the study to theorize how governance-oriented discretionary behavior develops before entry into professional accounting roles. By identifying the behavioral microfoundations and social mechanisms through which accounting citizenship emerges, the study advances accounting theory by extending stewardship and governance perspectives beyond formal control structures. The proposed framework offers theoretical implications for accounting governance, auditing collaboration, and sustainability-oriented reporting by highlighting the central role of social context in fostering discretionary accounting citizenship.
Accounting Theory; Accounting Citizenship; Behavioral Foundations of Accounting; Governance and Stewardship
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajarshi Majumder, Dr. Prasanjit Dasgupta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Mesopotamian Ledgers to IFRS 3: A Critical Inquiry into Historical Evolution, Theoretical Paradigms and Emerging Hybrid Models in Goodwill Accounting and Technological Impact
Goodwill has travelled a long conceptual and regulatory journey—from a loosely understood commercial custom in nineteenth-century legal practice to a highly codified but still controversial element of contemporary financial reporting. The movement from cost-based amortization regimes to the impairment-only model under IFRS 3 is not merely a technical change in measurement; it reflects deeper philosophical negotiations about what financial statements are meant to do, whom they are designed to serve, and how uncertain future-oriented benefits should be represented. This paper examines the historical evolution of goodwill accounting, the theoretical paradigms that underpin competing treatments, the practical consequences of the current impairment-only regime and the technological impact. Drawing on historical analysis, interpretive reading of standards, and conceptual synthesis, the paper argues that goodwill accounting embodies a persistent tension between stewardship-oriented prudence and neo liberal valuation logic grounded in investor decision-usefulness. Neither pure amortization nor pure impairment adequately resolves this tension. The paper therefore proposes an emerging hybrid paradigm that combines disciplined amortization with trigger-based impairment, supported by enhanced technological disclosure and governance oversight. This hybrid model is presented as a more conceptually coherent, ethically defensible, and decision-useful way of representing goodwill.
Goodwill; IFRS 3; Stewardship; Impairment; Amortization; Intangibles; Financial Reporting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bikramjit Pal, Abhijit Pandit (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Combined Role Of Fintech Adoption And Financial Literacy For Sustainable Financial Inclusion In India
Financial inclusion in India has traditionally been examined as a problem of access to financial services; however, this study reconceptualizes the issue as a gap in accounting systems, particularly in the production, interpretation, and use of accounting information in digital environments. Drawing on accounting information usefulness and accountability perspectives, the paper argues that Fintech should be understood not merely as a financial delivery mechanism but as a digital accounting infrastructure that reshapes record-keeping, transaction visibility, and individual accountability. Existing research largely overlooks how Fintech adoption and financial literacy interact as accounting capabilities, thereby limiting theoretical explanations of inclusion in digitally mediated economies. Using survey data from rural India, this study examines Fintech adoption and financial literacy as proxies for accounting information accessibility, reliability, and user competence, and evaluates their joint influence on financial inclusion outcomes. The findings indicate that while Fintech adoption enhances access to accounting records and transaction traceability, financial literacy plays a more decisive role in enabling individuals to interpret, trust, and effectively use accounting information. This suggests that digital accounting systems alone do not ensure accountability unless users possess the literacy required to engage with them meaningfully. The study extends accounting theory by demonstrating how Fintech transforms the locus of accounting from organizational systems to individual users, highlighting the importance of accounting literacy in sustaining accountability within digital financial ecosystems.
Fintech adoption, Financial literacy, Financial inclusion, Digital Financial Services, Rural India
Copyright (c) 2026 Pradeep Singh, Dr. Rupinder Katoch (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative study between returns on RSI and Stochastic RSI using the Buy and Hold Strategy on Indian Equities
The research will focus on trying to establish the better returns on Stochastic RSI in comparison to Relative Strength Index. The study puts technical trading indicators in context of financial econometrics, performance analysis via accounting, to fill the gap between market-based indicators, on the one hand, and theoretical models of predictability of returns in finance, on the other. The hindrance on the way is the absence of evident research on what indicator gathers more effectively. Design, Methodology and Approach: With the help of hypothesis testing supported by python we test the performance of 23 equities of various sectors to determine whether the returns on the 23 equities combined outperform the lagging Relative Strength Index with the help of the StochasticRSI. At the same time we also can test the performance of the two indicators on the said equities in order to know whether a selectively pointed approach gives us an outcome in which we can know what indicator to use on what equity. Findings: The study gives tangible understanding of the performance of the indicators and assists in advising which indicator to trade which equity in order to get better returns. We are able to determine the equities that StochasticRSI is performing better than RSI. We also determine performance of StochasticRSI v/s RSI performance on sample we are testing. Research Limitations: Trading costs have not been included. With these costs in mind, we will have a better picture. The sample is small and does not work on the whole universe of equities in Indian Equity Market.
StochasticRSI, RSI, Buy and Hold Strategy, Indian Equity Market, Hypothesis Test, Divergence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aman Himanshu Mehta, Veerendra Anchan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing The Impact Of Self-Efficacy And Emotional Intelligence On Life Satisfaction Among Faculty Of Higher Education Institutes In India: A Pls-Sem Approach
Purpose- In the rapidly changing academic environment characterized by increased workload, performance pressures, and evolving pedagogical demands, understanding faculty life satisfaction is essential. Their satisfaction directly influences teaching quality, research productivity, student outcomes, and the institutional functioning. Psychological traits play a major role in shaping life satisfaction. Thus, self-efficacy (S.E.) and emotional intelligence (EI) thought to be key personal resources that enable faculty to manage stress, foster positive relationships, and maintain motivation. Thus, this study examines how S.E. and EI impact faculty’s life satisfaction in Indian higher education institutions. Design/methodology/approach- The standardised questionnaires have been used to measure self-efficacy (SE), emotional intelligence (EI), and life satisfaction. Data have been collected from 500 faculty across the top 200 NIRF-ranked higher education institutes in India. PLS- SEM has been used to analyzed the data.. Findings-The results reveal that various aspects of self-efficacy and emotional intelligence have a significant impact on life satisfaction among faculty of higher education institutes in India. Practical Implications- Understanding the dominance of S.E. and EI on life satisfaction suggests that faculty who appreciate these qualities are more likely to experience greater personal and professional satisfaction. It also facilitates institutions to develop a motivated and emotionally skilled faculty, which results in long-term academic success. This understanding also aids in improving faculty retention, performance, and productivity. Originality/value- The present study offers profound understanding for both faculty and higher education institutions by underscoring the importance of psychological competencies in enhancing faculty life satisfaction. It encourages individuals to recognize and develop these skills and assists institutions in fostering greater research performance, improving student outcomes, and promoting overall academic advancement.
emotional intelligence; self-efficacy; life satisfaction; faculty; higher education institutes
Copyright (c) 2026 Leena, Dr. Raminder Pal Singh, Dr. Kiranjeet Kaur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Governance Quality, Sustainability Accounting and Environmental Accountability: A Panel Data Analysis of Environmental Degradation in Developing Economies
This study examines the impact of governance quality on environmental degradation using panel data from 75 developing countries (1996-2020). It finds that stronger governance significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions through enhanced accountability, disclosure credibility, and enforcement of sustainability reporting standards. The study advances sustainability accounting and governance theory by articulating accountability and disclosure assurance as mechanisms linking governance quality to environmental outcomes, with implications for both theory and practice in environmental and sustainability reporting.
Sustainability accounting; Environmental accountability; ESG reporting credibility; Governance and disclosure; Assurance and enforcement; Environmental degradation
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Ashmita Kesar, Dr. Syed Kumail Sajjad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adapting Corporate Valuation Models to the Technology Sector: A Sector-Specific Framework Integrating Intangibles and User-Based Metrics
Valuing technology firms poses challenges that are hard for multiples and customary models, such as for example Discounted Cash Flow (DCF), to address also. These approaches are widely used in practice while they rely heavily on concrete assets and short-term cash flows since much of the value embedded in intangibles and user ecosystems is underrepresented. Current practice remains fragmented. Analysts often use extra commentary on user metrics to help DCF or multiples while venture capitalists depend on exit models or scorecards, like monthly active users, ARPU, churn, or SaaS-specific measures like ARR multiples. Yet even these adjustments still lack any standardization. Furthermore, no one systematically integrates these adjustments within valuation models. This study proposes a programmable valuation framework specific for sectors embedding intangible-based measures (R&D capitalization, patent intensity, intangible-to-concrete ratios) and user-based metrics (MAUs, ARPU, CAC, churn) into valuation methodologies. Startups like UiPath and Palantir, growth firms like Shopify and Zoom, and mature giants like Apple and Microsoft show through tests of this framework how integrating the variables bridges the persistent gap from market capitalization to customary valuation outputs. The contribution represents a reproducible structured model as it moves past fragmented adjustments; it gives analysts, investors, plus policymakers a stronger tool for valuing technology-driven enterprises and valuation frameworks.
Tech Valuation, User-based metrics, intangible assets, corporate finance, discounted cash flow
Copyright (c) 2025 Ms. Sanika Deshmukh,, Prof. Amit Bathia, Prof. Apurva Mehta, Dr. Jyoti Mehndiratta Kappal, Prof. Bineet Desai, Dr. Hemal Thakker (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Strategic Human Resource Management and Organizational Accounting: Exploring the Impact of HR Policies on Cost Efficiency, Productivity, and Profitability
As the world has turned into a competitive environment, organization with technological change and complexity, Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) combination with functional functions such as accounting, finance, business administration and organizational behavior has become a critical component of guaranteeing a sustainable competitive advantage. The paper provides a comprehensive integrative model that correlates SHRM activities with financial responsibility, behavioral efficiency, and strategic responsiveness. The study relies on the Resource-Based View (RBV) and the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) theory in the conceptualization of human capital as a dynamic strategic resource that enables actual financial performance and intangible behavioral prospects. The study will be based on a mixed-method format and will imply the incorporation of quantitative and qualitative information gathered by the corporate HR and finance departments and semi-structured interviews with senior managers, respectively. The analysis looks at the mediating variable of organizational behavior particularly motivation, engagement and culture and the moderating variable of accounting transparency and financial governance. Findings show that, the strategic alignments within the HR practices enhance the culture of high performance, cross-functional cooperation and financial performance under the condition of good financial management and business strategy. The theoretical contribution of the study is the integration of functional silos through interdisciplinary model of SHRM and gives practical implications to the executives who want to balance human capital policies with corporate and financial objectives. The integrative approach helps in the formulation of the argument regarding strategic management since SHRM is at the heart of sustainable performance of organizations.
Strategic Human Resource Management, Accounting Integration, Financial Performance, Organizational Behavior, Business Administration, Sustainable Performance
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Manoj P. K., Dr.Vaibhav Modak, Dr. Sheetalba Rana, Dr. Ankita Singh, Dr chand tandon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Finance and Sustainable Development: A Financial Analysis of ESG Investments
The growing emphasis on sustainable development and responsible investing has elevated the importance of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors within financial decision-making. Traditional accounting frameworks, focused predominantly on short-term profitability, are increasingly misaligned with the broader imperatives of green finance and long-term stakeholder value. The study explores the theoretical integration of ESG principles into accounting systems, aiming to contribute to the evolution of sustainable financial reporting and governance models. Adopting a qualitative, theoretical research methodology, the study conducted a structured literature synthesis of conceptual, normative, and institutional perspectives. The analysis was based on secondary sources, including peer-reviewed academic literature, policy documents, and theoretical models spanning ESG investment, accounting theory, and sustainability disclosure. The findings reveal that ESG integration necessitates a fundamental shift in accounting logic, moving beyond shareholder-centric valuation. Key theoretical outcomes include an ESG disclosure continuum, a stakeholder versus shareholder governance model, and a conceptual framework for ESG-integrated accounting systems. These models highlight the role of intangible value drivers, institutional pressures, and governance dynamics in shaping sustainable financial practices. The study underscores the need for accounting systems to evolve in response to ESG imperatives. It offers theoretical insights for academics, practitioners, and regulators, and recommends future empirical validation and digital finance applications to operationalize ESG-aligned accounting.
ESG integration, sustainable accounting, stakeholder value, disclosure continuum, green finance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Manoj P. K, Shailendra Kumar Singh, Dr. Abhilash N, Muralidhar V, A. Ruban Christopher, Simranpreet Kaur (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0